Saturday, January 25, 2020
Effects Of Globalisation And Terrorism On Human Rights Politics Essay
Effects Of Globalisation And Terrorism On Human Rights Politics Essay Looking at the above topic one will say it is a straightforward question, but there is more to it than one may think. In this easy we will start by finding out what the two main key words are: Which are globalization and terrorism? Also, try to find out what each means. Globalization is the process in which government of different nations interact and integrate with each other, on the other we can say globalization is internationalization, liberalization, universalization and the westernization since it has been of far and has spreads so far and attracted so much attention. It is also classify as the growth of relations between people, from financial and investment market, which operate internationally, and within one network. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation (Nicholson 2nd Edition 2002). However the word terrorism is politically and emotionally charged and of difficulty of providing a precise definition, studies have found 1000 of definitions for terrorism and yet the concept cannot be agree on the right term with how terrorism can be define, since terrorism itself is very controversial and it is very important because, terrorism is an incredibly complex phenomenon due to the act of violence. Which when confronts government and international community with extremely painful dilemmas and notoriously difficult policy decisions have to be made (Wilkinson 2006). Terrorism can be briefly defined as a systematic use of murder, injury, and destruction or threat, to create a climate of terror. They often sought to avoid the indiscriminate terror against innocent civilian either on moral grounds or because they feared losing public support for their cause (Wilkinson 1993). In view of which is biggest threat to human right we cannot just conclude that terrorism or globalization is within trying to find out the impact of both. We shall consider the effect of globalization and it implication and the spread of it causes, as we stated that globalization is the internationalization, liberalization, universalization and the westernization as well as the growth of relation between people (Kofman and Youngs 2008). The spread of technological advances and dynamic entrepreneurship are the driving forces behind globalization, which has brought in it threat to human right. For their part, according to Marxist who regards capitalism as the engine of globalization and while other clam it have the primary cause in the knowledge structures and cultural politics (Scholte 2000). A further account of globalization as a threat to human right would combine elements from different approaches, resulting in multifaceted explanation which may prefer a more concise formula where the dynamic force of globalization are reduce to a single driving force. In other cases of globalization where other historical trend has be a major player; social relations involve complex interconnections that cannot be reduce since this has given terrorist the freedom to information and technology to help improve their network. The argument about the threat of globalization to human right can be elaborated as, The spread of rationalism as a dominant knowledge framework, certain turns in capitalist development, technological innovations in communications and data processing; and the construction of enabling regulatory framework which has contributed in differently in 40,30,20,and 7 percentages respectively and other factors take 3 per cent are the cause of globalization (Scholte 2000 pp 90). Globalization has occurred in part because of certain powerful patterns of social consciousness which has affected the human right race; nevertheless, globalization could not have occurred in the absence of the extensive innovations development in respect of transport, communications and data processing. However we cannot leave out industrialization which in general has figured more centrally in the transformation in the environmental problems, as other suggested the technological change has been the most prominent courses of globalization. To start with the normative of globalization that affect human right and in what ways and to what extent has contemporary globalization increased or decreased in relations to human safety and confidence. Absolute security is of course no longer available due to the inflation of technological advancement created by globalization no social order can remove all the uncertainty, destruction and death. In contrast, of contemporary globalization, which has been associated with the inflow of information, communication and data connectivity has made globalization being threat to human right and lack of freedom of moving without any fear (Scholte 2000). We will now look at another key word in the topic being discuss Terrorism in relations of being threat of human right, as defined earlier, the word Terrorism and Globalization share at least one thing in common which is the complexity of their definitions. However, terrorism can be characterized, first, by the use of violence. That violences are in many forms and more often and indiscriminately targets non-combatants, who are civilians with right to life. Reaching a consensus on what constitute the act of terrorism is very difficult; the legitimacy of terrorist means and methods is foremost reason for disagreement, some are of the view that terrorist acts are legitimate only if they in accordance of the just war tradition. Terrorism, however is one of the biggest threat to human right since it action are more often not supported and luck of objectives because their goals for change are based on radical ideas that do not have any widespread appeal. In order for terrorist group to influence change, terrorist must provoke drastic responses that acts of violence which will intend act as a catalyst for change and weaken their opponents, one example of these is the bombing in Madrid, Spain 2004, its influence on the outcome of the elections (Baylis , Smith , Owens 2008). The extent of social, culture, and political change brought about by globalization including the increasing interconnectedness and homogeneity in the international system, remain a subject of much disagreement and debate such that the disagreement, in true has influence the discussion of the extent to which level globalization has contributed to the rise of modern terrorism. However, there is little doubt that the technology growth has been associated with globalization and to this extent has improved the effectiveness of terrorist groups. The impact of terrorism on globalization and on human right has been very high and the AI Qaeda or The Base, received global recognition as a result of the attacks in New York and Washington on September 11, 2001. In closer look at the effect of the terrorist action of September 11, 2001 was brought about by the spread of globalization and it association with society becoming increasingly interconnected and terrorist have find it as a mains. We cannot say terrorism is a threat to human right without talking about the major areas where terrorist have operated more often, back to the example of 9/11 the main attack was from the Aviation industries and the reason why we should look at aviation security as an increased factor of globalization which is opening grounds for terrorist to operate from. On the other hand, one will say it is needed for development and growth of nations. There are lessons to be learnt from any form of airline hijacker (terrorist) since it is one of the biggest threats to lives and human right in general (Wilkinson 1993). The technological advances associated with globalization have improved the capabilities of terrorist group to plan and coordinate their operations before any information is link out. In particular technology have improved to the extent that terrorist now have the internet to use as a main to empower individual and cell with the ability to post tracts on the world wide web. Another form of empowerment for terrorist group brought about by globalization is the volume, range and sophistication of propaganda materials. Nowadays terrorist have the ability to build it own website like Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. Once again technology associated with globalization can now enabled terrorist group to coordinate their attack in different part of the world at the same time, the attack on US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. Globalization and its technological advancement has also seen the commercially availability of radios and handheld phones, which allowed terrorist cell to operate independently at a substantial distance. Terrorist groups have able to leverage technological development designed to shield identity from unauthorized commercial or private exploitation (Baylis, Smith, Owens 2008). Globalization has undoubtedly pose threat to human right but the threat of terrorism on human right can be counted as more, one can also argued that globalization has come with a lot of technological changes but as to if these changes were of any threat to human right is to be a question of the day, however terrorism could be classify as the biggest threat to human right. In the sense that whenever there is an act of terrorism or when terrorist attack it replication are massive and outrageous living the affected family with so much worries, so is the displacement of people and the fear and panic among other who were not directly affected. These are just the few ways terrorism poses a threat on human right.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Effects of Unresolved Conflict on Marital Satisfaction and Longevity Essay
Effects of Unresolved Conflict on Marital Satisfaction and Longevity            Over the past decade, there has been tremendous interest in the processes in marriage, with a corresponding burgeoning of longitudinal studies on marriage. (Bradbury, 1998). Karney and Bradbury, in their 1995 review of the longitudinal research on marriage, included 115 studies consisting of 68 independent samples and more than 45,000 marriages. These studies give an in-depth understanding of when marital dissatisfaction sets in, how problems develop, and what leads to the consequence of marital dissolution.            Longitudinal studies on the early years of marriage report a common phenomenon: Marital satisfaction declines and conflict increase (Huston & Houts, 1998; Kurdek, 1998; Leonard & Roberts, 1998; Lindahl et al., 1998). Kurdek found that marital satisfaction for husbands and wives decreased over the first 6 years of marriage, with the steepest drop occurring in the first 2 years. Lindahl et al. (1998), in their 9 year study of the development of marriage, found a similar rend. Marital adjustment significantly declined during the first couple of years and then leveled out by approximately the third to fourth years. Several factors seem to account for this decline: commitment, conflict, and communication. In particular, husbands and wives low faith in the marriage at year 1 predicted both spouses long- term low marital satisfaction. Spouses with low faith at the start of the marriage may report low marital satisfaction 6 years later because they lack the motivation or the skill to engage in the kinds of relationship maintenance behaviors that foster high levels of satisfaction (e.g., being accommodating during conflict, managing jealousy, and being willing to sacrifice). Many researchers attribute the decline in marital satisfaction in the early years to the couple’s transition to parenthood, and typically this factor has been a focus of their studies. However, this factor alone does not seem to account for the lower satisfaction, because many couples without children also experience a similar decline.            The occurrence of conflict appears as another critical variable in the course of marital satisfaction. Conflict is inevitable in any intimate relationship. How it affects satisfaction depends on the extent to which couples engage in conflict or withdraw from it. There are usually short-term negative effects to engaging in conflict, but there are long-term positive effects. If conflict is not openly addressed but is avoided, there are issues that can be left unresolved and further fuel feeling of resentment and anger. In their longitudinal study of 33 couples, Noller and Feeney (1998) found that, during the first 2 years of marriage, less happy couples made concerted attempt to improve their relationships during the first yea of marriage, but gave up these efforts by the time of the third assessment in the study. Noller and Feeney suggested that these new behaviors to improve the relationship were not being reinforced by the partner and hence did not become an integral part of the behavior repertoire. In particular, destructive conflict behaviors such as coercion, manipulation, and avoidance were likely to have negative effects on relationships.            Similarly, particular patterns of communication can have long-term effects on relationship satisfaction. In the Noller and Feeney study, communication behaviors predicted later satisfaction for wives only. Wives reports of negativity, disengagement, and destructive processes at Time 1 predicted lower satisfaction at Time 2. These destructive patterns of communication that cause problems later in relationships had developed before the couple became married. Although most of the couples in this study were not living together prior to marriage, it appears that their patterns of communication and resolving conflict were established before they even had to handle particular issues involved in living together in a marriage.            Other researchers have also discovered that how couples behave prior to marriage indeed affects their satisfaction and stability during marriage. According to Lindhl et al. (1998), a variety of communication and conflict-related variables before marriage can predict who will stay married and who will divorce. In particular, they found that how couples communicate and regulate negative effect (anger, frustration, mistrust, and resentment) during conflict was significantly related to marital stability. The strategies that these couples used to handle conflict tended to improve over time. For example, the levels of withdrawal and verbal aggression decreased.            In their longitudinal studies of marital processes, Rusbult, Bissonnette, Arriage, and Cox (1998) found commitment to a relationship to be strongly predictive of feelings of satisfaction. Their study followed 123 married couples over the course of three and one half years. They concluded that commitment is a central relationship-specific motive that promotes a wide range of prorelationship behaviors and enhances dyadic adjustment. Strong commitment to a marriage promotes greater willingness to accommodate. Accommodation is defined as behavior in which individuals forgo self-interested behavior for the good of a relationship, place greater value on prorelationship behavior, and recognize the interdependence of the partners. It is one of several specific mechanisms through which committed individuals sustain their relationships.            As incompatibilities and problems surface during the marriage, partners either accept each other’s differences or the problem that are not resolved persist until the relationship dissolves.            The perpetual problems model views couples behaving similarly during courtship as they do after they are married, and consequently the problems that arise during courtship often persist into marriage. Thus, problems that persist from courtship through marriage erode partner’s feelings toward one another. In contrast to the disillusionment model, the perpetual problems model proposes that courting couples are aware of each other’s strength and flaw as they enter marriage.            Alternative models of relationship deterioration emphasize that particular personalities of the partners are root cause of marital happiness and distress. In these models, spouses view their partners, but not their own, personality as cause for marital disaffection. In particular, the partners with the personality trait of negative affectivity are more likely to be unhappy in their marriages. Negative affectivity reflects a tendency to be anxious and emotionally labile, to report distress or discomfort, to be introspective, and to dwell on one’s own and other people’s shortcomings. Husbands and wives high in negative affectivity tend to make more negative attributions for their partner’s behavior. In the Karney et al. study, there was a relation between husbands’ level of negative affectivity and their own and their wave’s marital satisfaction. On the positive side, a personality quality that is resulted to marital satisfaction is expressiveness, which is a communal orientation that includes being kind, gentle, aware of other’s feeling, warm, and emotional, and which might reduce conflict in relationships because one can respond constructively when one’s partners behaves poorly.            It is apparent that many of these disaffected spouses suffered in silence. They were reluctant to admit marital problems to friends and family. because the majority of respondents had experienced marital doubts during the first year of the marriage, it may have been too embarrassing to these spouses to admit dissatisfaction so early in their marriages. In addition, there is a taboo in Western culture that discourages spouses from talking about their marriages. This so-called intermarital taboo states that married sposes cannot talk openly to each other about their marriages. Unfortunately, because of this taboo, couples do not have the chance to share with one another the stresses of married life and the possible ways to cope effectively with them.            On the other hand, resolving conflict is part of family life. Husbands and wives disagree with each other, parents and children do not always see eye to eye and sibling relationships frequently involve rivalry. The characteristic ways in which families resolve conflict are an important part of the practicing family and influence child development. Children are sensitive to anger and conflict even when adults other than their parents express it. Unresolved marital conflict is more predictive of child functioning than marital satisfaction alone; suggesting that the specific ways that husbands and wives resolve conflict may be related to child social and emotional functioning. Not at all marital conflict is detrimental to children, however. Exposure to low levels of marital conflict may provide one avenue for children to learn how to solve interpersonal problems effectively.            Particular patterns of marital interaction have been found to be related to couples distress, the likelihood of divorce, and child behavior problems. Couples whose conflict is typified by mutually hostile exchanges, or one partner making demands while the other withdraws from further discussion, are less satisfied in their marriages and are at greater risk for divorce have proposed that children raised in families with high levels of marital conflict may become fearful that their parents are on the road to divorce and dissolution of important family relationships. Consequently, the child is motivated to reduce marital conflict by distracting the parent’s subsystem and decrease the conflict expressed in the marital subsystem. In this regard, the battling husband and wife are enlisted as cooperative mother and father, and the result is a temporary reduction in marital negative affect. Although there may be increased negative affect between parent and child, the system has retained its order and the subsystem of parent –child regulation temporarily overrides the marital subsystem and preserves the family as a whole.            Meanwhile, interactions in one portion of the family will more than likely influence other interactions in the family. The cost to children can be quite high when there is disruption in the marital relationships, as it effects the parents’ ability to engage in mutually pleasing interactions with their children. Marital difficulties are proposed to lead to inconsistent parenting and discipline, which in turn create situations conducive to child behavior problems. Externalizing problems in elementary-school-age boys have been found to be best predicted by a model of family stress (including marital satisfaction and divorce) mediated by negative maternal control and disciplinary interactions. In some cases, there is a cascading effect, where specific aspects of marital conflict spill over into parent-child interactions. When husbands withdrew in angry conflicts with their wives, the wives tended to be critical and intrusive with their children, which in turn were related to internalizing problems.            Love, money, support, security, companionship, and validation are types of rewards desired in a close relationship. The cost of staying in a relationship may involve one’s time, energy, and various other efforts. During thee breakdown of a relationship, there is a drastic shift in perceived rewards or costs. This shift may be to the individual’s view of fewer rewards, such as less time together and less money, as examples, or what may have been perceived as a reward earlier in the marriages is no longer rewarding. For example, the continual care and attention given by a partner may have been viewed as rewarding in the beginning of the relationship, but later is viewed as smothering or manipulative. Although disappointed in the marriage, the disaffecting spouses were not contemplating leaving the marriage at this time, but were holding on to the hope that the marital relationship would improve. In general, the disaffecting spouses assumed responsibility for marriage problems. They tried to change the marriage by pleasing and accommodating their partners, trying to be a perfect spouse, in the words of one respondent.            In coping with their marital dissatisfaction, respondents were primarily keeping silent and denying the gravity of the marital situations. Seeking support and help from their friends, family, or a professional helper rarely occurred. References Bradbury, T. N. (1998). The Developmental course of marital dysfunction. N.Y:            Cambridge University Press. Huston, T. L., & Houts, R. M. (1998). The psychological infrastructure of courtship and            Marriage: The role of personality and compatibility in romantic relationships. In T. N. Bradbury (Ed.). The developmental course of marital Dysfunction (pp.114-151). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Kurdek, L. A. (1998). Development change in marital satisfaction:  A 6 year prospective longitudinal study of newly wed couples. In T. N. Bradbury (Ed.). The developmental course of marital Dysfunction (pp.180-204). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Leonard, K. E., & Roberts, L. J. (1998). Marital aggression, quality, and stability in the First year of marriage: Findings from the Buffalo newlywed study.  In T. N. Bradbury (ed.), The developmental course of marital Dysfunction (pp.44-73). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Lindahl, K., Clements, M., & Markman, H. (1998). The development of marriage: A 9            Year perspective. In T. N. Bradbury (ed.), The developmental course of marital            Dysfunction (pp.2005-236). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Noller, P., & Feeney, J. A. (1998). Communication in early marriage: Response to            conflict, nonverbal accuracy, and conversational patterns. In T.N Bradbury (ed.),            The developmental course of marital dysfunction (pp.11-43). Cambridge,            England: Cambridge University press. Rusbult, C. E., Bissonnette, V., Arriaga, X. B. & Cox, C. L., (1998). Accommodation            during the early years of marriage. In T. N. Bradbury(ed.), The developmental            course of marriage dysfunction (pp.74-113). Cambridge, England: Cambridge            University Press. Â
Thursday, January 9, 2020
The World s First 5th Generation Air Superiority Fighter
After taking 25 years to develop the F-22 Raptor from conception to operational certification, the United States Air Force (USAF) produced the world’s first 5th generation air superiority fighter. This revolutionary fighter plane leveraged its very low observable stealth (VLO), thrust-vectoring and digital fly-by wire capabilities, and other cutting edge technology to produce an extremely fast, agile and lethal air-to-air combatant. Less than five years after operational certification in 2009, Robert Gates, Secretary of Defense, (SECDEF) convinced the President (POTUS) and Congress to truncate the F22 program, leaving the USAF with fewer than 187 operational F-22 Raptors. This number was well short of the 381 aircraft the USAF’s†¦show more content†¦security. The collapse of the USSR reduced the threat to the US. as the USSR no longer produced or planned to produce 5th generation air superiority fighters. By 2009 the emerging threats of Russia and China p roducing a 5th generation air superiority fighter reappeared, but this time with a much reduced risk than associated with the Cold War. These changes in the US. strategic environment did not eliminate the F-22 Raptor’s primary purpose or adversary, but the late arrival and reduced number of potential rival 5th generation air combatants made the F-22 Raptor less vital to the US. Security Strategy. In Robert Gates’ July 2009 speech to the Economic Club of Chicago, he described the F-22 Raptor as a niche capability only designed to defeat other superpowers’ highly advanced fighter planes. When the Obama Administration limited the F-22 Raptor to 187 aircraft, they did so with the full expectation that the US. possessed enough 5th generation capabilities to meet the nation’s strategic and security requirements. Gates’ decision met with many critics, primarily representatives of states that produce the F-22 Raptor components. They argued the DoD assu med unreasonable and ill-advised operational risk and created a â€Å"dangerous capabilities gap†by halting the F-22 Raptor to just 187 operational aircraft. They maintained Russia and China remain significant and growing competitors in global strategic struggles, making the F-22 Raptor a necessary capabilityShow MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words  | 209 PagesTalismans Picatrix Astrological Magic Aphorisms Extracts on Planetary Ritual Clothing Twenty Two Benefic Astrological Talismans Astrology, Magical Talismans and the Mansions of the Moon Ritual of Jupiter An Astrological Election of Mercury in the First Face of Virgo for Wealth and Growth XIV. Invocation of Mercury On the Decans and Tarot XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. A Brief History of Tarot The Decans in Astrology Overview of Recent Tarot Works That Reference the Picatrix Magical Uses of the Tarot ColophonRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words  | 1186 Pages21st Century, First Edition Benton, Purchasing and Sup ply Chain Management, Second Edition Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper, Supply Chain Logistics Management, Third Edition Brown and Hyer, Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach, First Edition Burt, Petcavage, and Pinkerton, Supply Management, Eighth Edition Cachon and Terwiesch, Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operations Management, Second Edition Finch, Interactive Models for Operations and Supply Chain Management, First Edition Fitzsimmons
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The Impact Of Stadium Alcohol Sales On Drinking Behaviors...
In the Journal of Alcohol Drug Education is the letter â€Å"Tapping into College Football: The Need for Research Examining the Impact of Stadium Alcohol Sales on Drinking Behaviors and Incidents†written to the editor by Adam E. Barry, Texas AM; Steven M. Howell, Northern Illinois University; and Steven Salaga, Texas AM University. Barry, Howell, and Salaga give background information on the alcohol sales and alcohol related incidents. They focus on the West Virginia University Case findings heavily. The research provided shows a decrease in alcohol related incidents in 2010 which was the year before allowing alcohol to be sold in the West Virginia stadium (Tapping into College Football). According to Jenni Carlson, a sports columnist for the Oklahoman, â€Å"West Virginia decided to start selling beer at concession stands in 2011. That was its final season in the Big East before jumping to the Big 12. The first year that it sold alcohol in the stadium, sales added $700,000 to the athletic department coffers. But there were more benefits, benefits that should interest other schools. In 2011, the campus police at West Virginia reported an across-the-board drop in game-day incidents. Calls. Cases. Arrests. Charges. All of them went down, including a 35 percent drop in arrests,†(Cheers to Selling Beers at Football Games). With younger colleges, emerges new sports programs, like the University of South Alabama (USA), a Division I, Sunbelt football team that started in 2005. As aShow MoreRelatedIndian Social Structure and Values Ethics in Business13564 Words  | 55 Pagesmostly informal, social control in the urban society is more formal. The rural people feel no need for secondary social control because family and kinship ties, customs and mores among themselves act as social pressures. Responsibility for controlling behavior in urban areas is largely shifting to the police, the courts and others agencies of the government to enforce the norms of certain groups. Demographic aspect : In India population concentration has been one of the key features of urbanization.Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words  | 1056 PagesOversight Fails 81 Working with a Team: What’s Your Perception? 82 Learning an HRM Skill: Investigating a Harassment Complaint 82 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for Recruiting Minorities and Women 60 Adverse Impact 61 Chapter 4 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 Learning Outcomes 84 Introduction 86 What Other Laws Affect Discrimination Practices? 61 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 62 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 62 viii Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words  | 702 Pagesmerchandise management. His first textbook, Marketing: Management and Social Change, was published in 1972. It was ahead of its time in introducing social and environmental issues to the study of marketing. Other books, Marketing Fundamentals, Retailing, Sales Management, and Marketing Research, followed. In 1976 the first Marketing Mistakes book was published and brought a new approach to case studies, making them student-friendly and more relevant to career enhancement than existing books. In 1983
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